Not medical advice. This page sums up published research for ranchers and the people who buy from them. It isn't medical or dietary advice and doesn't diagnose, treat or prevent any disease. Talk with your doctor or a registered dietitian about your own diet and health.
Many of us got into regenerative ranching because we believe healthy soil grows healthier food. Some of that belief is now backed by good evidence, some is promising but early, and some is still a hope. This page tries to keep those apart, with a source for every claim.
Soil to you What studies found Strong vs. early evidence The nutrient-decline debate Industrial practices and illness A rancher's story For ranchers Learn more References
How to read the labels: Established many good studies agree; Probable consistent evidence, but some doubt about cause or dose; Possible early, animal-only or mixed evidence; Contested credible experts and agencies disagree.
Soil → plant → animal → you
- SoilLiving soil (roots, fungi, microbes and organic matter) affects which minerals and compounds plants can take up. In one small paired-farm study, regenerative fields had healthier soil and some crops with more of certain vitamins, minerals and plant compounds.[1]
- PlantDiverse pastures carry a wide mix of plant compounds (phytochemicals such as terpenoids, phenols and carotenoids). What a grazing animal can choose from shapes what it takes in.[2, 4]
- AnimalAnimals finished on diverse pasture tend to have more omega-3 fats, CLA and antioxidant vitamins in their meat and milk than grain-fed animals, and some plant compounds carry through into the food.[5, 2, 6, 7]
- YouMeat, milk and eggs supply well-absorbed protein, B12, iron and zinc whatever the farming system. Whether pasture-raised food improves health outcomes in people hasn't been tested in long-term human trials yet.[14, 15, 2]
What the studies found
| Food | What changed with pasture, grass or organic management | Evidence | Caveats |
|---|
| Beef | Grass-fed beef has more omega-3, CLA and vitamin A and E precursors per gram of fat, and less total fat.[5] A meta-analysis of 67 studies found organic meat had about 23% more polyunsaturated fat and 47% more omega-3, likely because of grazing and forage.[6] | Probable | Beef isn't a major omega-3 source in absolute terms, and grass-fed beef is leaner, so people eating fattier grain-fed beef may get similar amounts.[5] Studies varied a lot. |
| Meat, plant compounds | A detailed chemical comparison found 171 of 190 measured compounds differed between grass-fed beef and a plant-based meat alternative with similar Nutrition Facts panels.[3] Reviews report more phytonutrients in grass-fed meat and milk.[2] | Possible | The authors say these data can't tell us whether either food is healthier, and that current knowledge doesn't allow a direct link from production practices to human health.[3, 2] |
| Milk | A meta-analysis of 170 studies found organic milk had about 56% more omega-3 and 41% more CLA, plus more vitamin E and iron.[7] 100% grass-fed milk had an omega-6:omega-3 ratio of about 0.95, vs. 2.28 for organic and 5.77 for conventional.[8] | Probable | Organic milk had less iodine and selenium.[7] The grassmilk study was funded and co-authored by an organic dairy cooperative.[8] |
| Eggs | Hens with outdoor access laid eggs with 3–4 times more vitamin D in the yolk.[9] Pastured hens' eggs had about twice the vitamin E and long-chain omega-3 of caged hens' eggs.[10] | Probable | Small studies. Store-bought "free-range" eggs were low in vitamin D, so real time outdoors seems to matter.[9] Pastured hens laid fewer eggs.[10] |
| Crops | On paired regenerative and conventional farms, regenerative crops had more of certain vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals, and one regenerative farm's beef and pork had more omega-3.[1] | Possible | The authors call it "preliminary." Small samples and few farms, and two co-authors work at Brown's Ranch, one of the farms sampled.[1] |
| People eating it | In a 4-week randomized trial, people eating grass-fed beef and lamb three times a week had more long-chain omega-3 in their blood than people eating grain-fed meat. Cholesterol and blood pressure didn't change.[11] | Possible | One short trial. It measured blood fats, not disease. Review authors describe the evidence for human health benefits as still largely circumstantial.[4] |
Where the evidence is strong, and where it's early
Strong Established
- Protein quality. FAO's recommended protein-quality score (DIAAS) treats egg and milk as examples of "high quality" proteins, whose scores can top 100%, and notes milk has more of some key amino acids than soy.[14]
- Vitamin B12 is found in a wide variety of animal foods, including meat, fish, eggs and milk. Plant foods have none unless they're fortified.[15]
- Iron and zinc. Iron from mixed diets with meat is absorbed better (about 14–18%) than from vegetarian diets (about 5–12%).[13] Oysters, meat, fish and poultry are good sources of zinc.[16]
- Nutrient density. Organ meats, small fish, dark leafy greens, shellfish, beef, eggs and milk rank among the best sources of the micronutrients most often lacking worldwide.[12]
These hold for animal foods in general. They're good reasons to value well-raised meat, eggs and milk, but they aren't evidence that one farming system is healthier than another.
Promising but early Possible
- That regenerative soil management raises nutrients in crops and meat across many farms and seasons.[1]
- That plant compounds from diverse pasture reach people in amounts that matter for health.[2, 4]
- That eating grass-fed or regenerative food lowers disease risk. No long-term human trials have tested this.[2]
The "nutrient decline" debate
You'll often hear that vegetables have lost their nutrients since the 1950s. A widely cited analysis of USDA data for 43 garden crops found apparent declines in six nutrients between 1950 and 1999, from 6% for protein to 38% for riboflavin. The authors' main explanation was that higher-yielding varieties trade some nutrient concentration for size (a "dilution effect"), not that soils wore out.[17] A later review argued that comparing old and new food tables is unreliable because methods and varieties changed, and that the dilution effect, while real, is small in absolute terms.[18] Contested Fair takeaway: variety and growing conditions matter, but "today's carrot has no nutrients" overstates it.
Industrial practices and human illness
This section looks at how pesticides, herbicides and other industrial practices relate to human illness, and how regenerative production compares. These relationships are real enough to take seriously and complicated enough that we should be careful. Three things to keep in mind:
- Dose matters. The strongest links come from people who mix and spray these chemicals for years: applicators and farmworkers. That's why the big U.S. study is of licensed applicators.[26] Most people's exposure is through diet, and it's far lower. In USDA's 2024 testing, more than 99% of food samples had residues below EPA's legal limits and 42.3% had none detectable.[36] Eating organic for a week still lowered pesticide levels in people's urine, for some compounds by 60–95%, so diet does matter. What those lower levels mean for health hasn't been shown.[37]
- Agencies disagree. The same evidence can be read differently by cancer researchers, regulators and courts. Where they disagree, we say so.
- Regenerative reduces exposure; it doesn't erase it. "Regenerative" isn't a legal standard and practices vary. Many operations cut synthetic inputs and keep animals on pasture instead of in confinement, which removes some of the routes below. But some regenerative no-till farms still use herbicides, drift and water cross fence lines, and sick animals on any farm may need antibiotics (treating them is good welfare).
Practice → exposure → outcome
Practice
How people are exposed
Health outcome studied
Evidence
Paraquat and some other pesticides
→
Mixing and spraying on the job (skin, breathing)
→
Parkinson's disease
[27, 28]Probable
Pesticides in general, on the job
→
Years of occupational exposure
→
ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)
[30, 29]Possible
Glyphosate (heavy use)
→
Applicators and farmworkers
→
Contested
Chlorpyrifos
→
Exposure before birth (measured in cord blood)
→
Lower IQ and working-memory scores in children
[32]Probable
Atrazine
→
Runoff into surface and drinking water
→
Hormone (endocrine) disruption
[34, 35]Possible in people
Pesticide residues on food
→
Everyday diet
→
Measurable pesticides in urine; health effect at these doses unclear
[36, 37]Possible
Routine antibiotics in livestock
→
Resistant bacteria spread via animals, workers, food and manure
→
Infections that are harder to treat
[39, 40, 38]Established (resistance)
Large confinement operations (CAFOs)
→
Air, manure and water near the operation
→
Breathing problems, MRSA, stress for neighbors
[41, 42]Probable
Ultra-processed food
→
Diet
→
Higher risk of type 2 diabetes, heart-disease death and obesity
[43, 44]Probable
Evidence labels are our reading of the cited reviews and agency documents, not a formal grading. "Established" for antibiotics refers to resistance, not to a specific illness rate.
Glyphosate Contested
In 2015 the World Health Organization's cancer agency (IARC) classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A), based on limited evidence in people for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, sufficient evidence in lab animals and strong mechanistic evidence.[21, 20] The U.S. EPA disagrees: its 2017 human-health assessment didn't find cancer risks of concern. EPA says it's updating that assessment, with completion expected in late 2026.[22] In 2022 a federal appeals court ruled that EPA's finding that glyphosate is "not likely to be carcinogenic to humans" wasn't supported by substantial evidence, and vacated the human-health part of EPA's 2020 interim decision.[23] On the studies themselves: a 2019 meta-analysis found a 41% higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the most heavily exposed people (relative risk 1.41)[24], while the large Agricultural Health Study of more than 54,000 applicators found no overall link to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.[25] Both looked mostly at heavy, on-the-job use.
Paraquat and Parkinson's Probable
In a study within the Agricultural Health Study, people who had used paraquat had about 2.5 times the odds of Parkinson's disease.[27] A meta-analysis of 104 studies found that pesticide exposure is a risk factor for Parkinson's, with paraquat linked to about a doubling of risk, and called for more studies to confirm cause and effect.[28] A 2019 review of occupational studies estimated a 66% higher risk of Parkinson's with occupational pesticide exposure.[29]
Pesticides and ALS Possible
Two meta-analyses link pesticide exposure to a modestly higher risk of ALS (odds ratio 1.44; relative risk 1.35).[30, 29] But nearly all ALS cases are "sporadic," meaning no clear risk factor is found, and about 10% run in families.[31] So pesticides may raise risk, but they aren't "the" known cause.
Chlorpyrifos and children's development Probable
In a New York City birth cohort, children with higher chlorpyrifos levels in cord blood scored lower at age 7: Full-Scale IQ fell 1.4% and working memory 2.8% for each step up in exposure.[32] EPA revoked chlorpyrifos food tolerances in 2021, a court vacated that rule in 2023, and EPA has proposed new limits since. The status keeps changing, so check EPA's page.[33]
Atrazine and hormones Possible in people
Atrazine is among the most commonly detected pesticides in ground, surface and drinking water. In a lab study it demasculinized and feminized male frogs, and the authors describe it as active at low, ecologically relevant concentrations.[34] Whether it has similar effects in people at typical drinking-water levels is not settled; EPA continues to review it.[35]
Antibiotics in livestock and resistance Established (resistance)
CDC calls antimicrobial resistance an urgent public-health threat.[38] A WHO-funded review of 181 studies found that restricting antibiotic use in food animals cut resistant bacteria in those animals, and in people with direct contact with them; effects on the general public are less clear because there are few studies.[40] WHO recommends against routine use of medically important antibiotics to promote growth or prevent disease in healthy animals.[39]
Living near large confinement operations Probable
A review found that living near industrial livestock operations is consistently linked to breathing problems, MRSA, Q fever and stress or mood effects.[41] In North Carolina, neighbors of a large hog operation reported more headaches, runny noses, sore throats, coughing, diarrhea and burning eyes than people in an area without such operations.[42]
Ultra-processed food Probable
This one is about processing, not farming, but it's where much of the diet-and-disease evidence is. An umbrella review of meta-analyses covering almost 10 million people found convincing evidence linking more ultra-processed food with higher risk of heart-disease death and type 2 diabetes, among other outcomes, though most of the evidence is observational and much of it rated low quality.[43] In a tightly controlled NIH trial, people on an ultra-processed diet ate about 500 more calories a day and gained weight.[44] Whole foods like meat, eggs, milk and vegetables are the opposite end of that scale, however they're farmed.
A rancher's story: Gabe Brown
A rancher's story, not scientific evidence
Gabe Brown and his family run Brown's Ranch near Bismarck, North Dakota. The ranch says it has dropped synthetic fertilizers, fungicides and pesticides, uses minimal herbicide, and doesn't use GMOs or glyphosate.[48] In his 2024 TED talk, he described his own health. In his words (from the talk's captions; punctuation ours):
"In March of 2022 I was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. I was given two to four years to live… ALS, the known cause of it is exposure to toxic chemicals, the same toxic chemicals that I was exposed to when I farmed conventionally, now has become my death sentence years later. But realize there is hope; the hope lies in regenerative agriculture."
Source: Gabe Brown, TED talk on YouTube, from about 4:20 (the timestamp is approximate; we worked it out from the transcript, so start a little early). Also on TED.com.[45] The Soil Health Academy's announcement of the talk says he shares his ALS diagnosis "and why his exposure to farm chemicals" is the likely cause.[46] In a short Carbon Cowboys clip he says he believes his ALS "comes about from the years that I farm[ed] conventionally" and his exposure to chemicals.[47]
Later in the talk he compares an egg from his ranch with one from "the current factory model" and cites the van Vliet, Provenza and Kronberg research above.[45]
How to read it: this is one man's experience and his belief about its cause, told with courage. It's worth hearing. It isn't proof. Science can't tell what caused any one person's ALS. Studies do link pesticide exposure to a modestly higher risk of ALS,[30, 29] but most cases have no known cause,[31] so "the known cause" goes further than the evidence. Gabe Brown's ranch has no connection to ours.
For ranchers: talking about nutrient density honestly
What to say, and what not to
- Say what you do, which is what you actually know: "Our cattle graze diverse pasture from weaning to finish." "We don't use routine antibiotics." "We don't spray this pasture."
- Share what research found, with the caveats: "Studies find grass-fed beef has more omega-3 per gram of fat than grain-fed beef, though beef isn't a major omega-3 source either way." Link to the study or to this page.
- Don't promise health outcomes. Avoid "healthier," "heals," "prevents disease," "anti-inflammatory" or "cures." No one has shown these for grass-fed or regenerative food, and health claims on meat labels need USDA approval.[49]
- Don't claim your own product is more nutritious unless you've tested it. Results vary by pasture, season, breed and finish. One test is a snapshot.
Ways to test
- Edacious: a food lab and software platform for nutrient-density analysis, with services for farmers and producers.
- Bionutrient Food Association: a nonprofit with the Bionutrient Meter, a public data explorer and its Bionutrient Institute.
- The Van Vliet Lab: a university research lab profiling beef, bison, milk and crops; its site has a nutrient density testing page.
- Land to Market: Savory's verification program. It verifies land outcomes (soil, water, biodiversity) and supply chains, not nutrient content.
- Compare results with USDA's FoodData Central averages,[19] and test more than once before you talk about results.
We haven't used these services and don't earn anything from them. Check prices and methods with each.
Label rules (USDA FSIS)
- "Grass Fed," "Pasture Raised," "Free Range" and "Raised Without Antibiotics" are animal-raising claims. On meat or poultry sold under USDA inspection, they need FSIS label approval backed by documentation, such as a written description of how animals are raised from birth to slaughter and how product is traced and kept separate.[49]
- "Raised using Regenerative Agriculture Practices" is an environment-related claim. FSIS strongly encourages third-party certification and supporting data for these claims.[49]
- Be careful with "no antibiotics." In a 2023 FSIS and USDA-ARS sampling project, 20% of cattle headed for the raised-without-antibiotics market had antibiotic residues. FSIS now strongly encourages testing or a certifier that tests.[49]
- Selling custom-exempt shares? See our beef-share guide. Whatever path you use, keep marketing claims truthful and documented.
Learn more
Books
by David R. Montgomery and Anne Biklé
A geologist and a biologist on how soil health and farming practices affect the nutrients in crops, meat and dairy, and what that may mean for people.
Buy on Bookshop.org paid link
by Fred Provenza
A range scientist on how livestock choose what to eat and why diverse forage matters.
Buy on Bookshop.org paid link
by Diana Rodgers and Robb Wolf
The nutritional, environmental and ethical case for well-raised meat.
Buy on Bookshop.org paid link
More on the Books page.
Free videos
These are also on the Videos page under "Nutrition & food quality."
People and organizations
References
Every link was opened on October 28, 2026, and each study's title was matched against its DOI or PubMed record. Some government sites block automated link checkers; those pages were read in a browser-style fetch.
- Montgomery DR, Biklé A, Archuleta R, Brown P, Jordan J. Soil health and nutrient density: preliminary comparison of regenerative and conventional farming. PeerJ 2022;10:e12848. doi:10.7717/peerj.12848 · PubMed
- van Vliet S, Provenza FD, Kronberg SL. Health-promoting phytonutrients are higher in grass-fed meat and milk. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2021;4:555426. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.555426
- van Vliet S, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, et al. A metabolomics comparison of plant-based meat and grass-fed meat indicates large nutritional differences despite comparable Nutrition Facts panels. Scientific Reports 2021;11:13828. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93100-3 · PubMed
- Provenza FD, Kronberg SL, Gregorini P. Is grassfed meat and dairy better for human and environmental health? Frontiers in Nutrition 2019;6:26. doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00026 · PubMed
- Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, Nader GA, Larson S. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutrition Journal 2010;9:10. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-10 · PubMed
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- Benbrook CM, Davis DR, Heins BJ, et al. Enhancing the fatty acid profile of milk through forage-based rations, with nutrition modeling of diet outcomes. Food Science & Nutrition 2018;6:681–700. (Funded in part by, and co-authored with, an organic dairy cooperative.) doi:10.1002/fsn3.610 · PubMed
- Kühn J, Schutkowski A, Kluge H, Hirche F, Stangl GI. Free-range farming: a natural alternative to produce vitamin D-enriched eggs. Nutrition 2014;30:481–4. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.002 · PubMed
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- McAfee AJ, McSorley EM, Cuskelly GJ, et al. Red meat from animals offered a grass diet increases plasma and platelet n-3 PUFA in healthy consumers. British Journal of Nutrition 2011;105:80–9. doi:10.1017/S0007114510003090 · PubMed
- Beal T, Ortenzi F. Priority micronutrient density in foods. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022;9:806566. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.806566 · PubMed
- Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91:1461S–1467S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F · PubMed
- FAO. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition. Report of an FAO Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 92, 2013. Link
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12: fact sheet for consumers. Link
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Zinc: fact sheet for consumers. Link
- Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950 to 1999. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2004;23:669–82. doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 · PubMed
- Marles RJ. Mineral nutrient composition of vegetables, fruits and grains: the context of reports of apparent historical declines. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2017;56:93–103. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.012
- USDA Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. Link
- IARC Working Group. Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 112 (2017; evaluation meeting March 2015). Link
- Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Grosse Y, et al. Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate. Lancet Oncology 2015;16:490–1. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70134-8
- U.S. EPA. Glyphosate (Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products). Link
- U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 20-70787, opinion filed June 17, 2022. Link
- Zhang L, Rana I, Shaffer RM, Taioli E, Sheppard L. Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2019;781:186–206. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001 · PubMed
- Andreotti G, Koutros S, Hofmann JN, et al. Glyphosate use and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2018;110:509–16. doi:10.1093/jnci/djx233 · PubMed
- Agricultural Health Study (National Cancer Institute, NIEHS and EPA). Link
- Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 2011;119:866–72. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002839 · PubMed
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- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Link
- Rauh V, Arunajadai S, Horton M, et al. Seven-year neurodevelopmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide. Environmental Health Perspectives 2011;119:1196–201. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003160 · PubMed
- U.S. EPA. Chlorpyrifos (Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products). Link
- Hayes TB, Khoury V, Narayan A, et al. Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). PNAS 2010;107:4612–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107 · PubMed
- U.S. EPA. Atrazine (Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products). Link
- USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. Pesticide Data Program, including the 2024 PDP Annual Summary. Link
- Hyland C, Bradman A, Gerona R, et al. Organic diet intervention significantly reduces urinary pesticide levels in U.S. children and adults. Environmental Research 2019;171:568–75. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.024 · PubMed
- U.S. CDC. Antimicrobial Resistance Threats Reports (updated Oct 26, 2026). Link
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- Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metabolism 2019;30:67–77. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 · PubMed
- Brown G. How regenerative agriculture brings life back to the land. TED talk, 2024 (15 min). Link · YouTube
- Morning Ag Clips. New TED Talk talks regenerative ag (Soil Health Academy announcement), Oct 21, 2024. Link
- Carbon Cowboys. Conventional farmers are getting sick w/ Gabe Brown (YouTube short). Link
- Brown's Ranch, Bismarck, North Dakota. Home page (practices statement). Link
- USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Availability of FSIS Guideline on Substantiating Animal-Raising or Environment-Related Labeling Claims. Federal Register 89 FR 73253, Sept 10, 2024 (guideline FSIS-GD-2024-0006). Link · FSIS guidelines
Not medical advice. Nothing here is meant to diagnose, treat or prevent disease. Ask your doctor or a registered dietitian about your own health.
